{"id":1566,"date":"2013-07-03T09:41:35","date_gmt":"2013-07-03T02:41:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1566"},"modified":"2013-07-03T09:41:35","modified_gmt":"2013-07-03T02:41:35","slug":"nguoi-di-cu-trong-cong-nghe-cao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1566","title":{"rendered":"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0 trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao"},"content":{"rendered":"

Theo m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a M\u0129 v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0, qu\u00e3ng hai ph\u1ea7n ba c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 \u1edf M\u0129 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh ra \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 qu\u00e3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 c\u00f4ng ti c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao do ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0 n\u00e0y s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ti c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao sinh ra tr\u00ean $50 t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la thu nh\u1eadp h\u00e0ng n\u0103m v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u01a1n 650,000 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u1edf M\u0129. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, b\u00e1n d\u1eabn v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede thung l\u0169ng Silicon, 53 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti m\u1edbi kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t. Theo kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u00ec nh\u00f3m n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Canada, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00e0i Loan, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti do ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u1edf thung l\u0169ng Silicon l\u00e0 18%, cho d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm 6% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Theo kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y, trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho nhau. L\u00e0n s\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, k\u0129 s\u01b0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 HP, National Semiconductor, v\u00e0 Texas Instrument v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970. H\u1ecd s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho \u0111\u1ee3t s\u00f3ng th\u1ee9 hai nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 t\u1edbi trong vi\u1ec7c b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 n\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u1edf thung l\u0169ng Silicon. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng gi\u00fap cho \u0111\u1ee3t s\u00f3ng th\u1ee9 ba nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0 t\u1edbi trong s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Y2K v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990 v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y cho h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u doanh nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau. H\u1ecd chia s\u1ebb th\u00f4ng tin, tri th\u1ee9c, k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng ti. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 v\u00e0i tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn c\u00f3 h\u01a1n v\u00e0i ngh\u00ecn th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c qui t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m kinh doanh trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 ch\u00fang. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t trong khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u1edf M\u0129.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0 \u1edf thung l\u0169ng Silicon v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Boston, Austin, Seattle v\u00e0 San Francisco. C\u00f3 v\u00e0i hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1eabn nhau cho d\u00f9 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Theo kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 hai ki\u1ec3u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c di c\u01b0. Nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t t\u1edbi M\u0129 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950 v\u00e0 1960 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong kinh doanh nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, xu\u1ea5t\/nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u, v\u00e0 b\u00e1n l\u1ebb. Nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 hai t\u1edbi v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 v\u00e0 1980 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn trong h\u1ecd t\u1edbi nh\u01b0 sinh vi\u00ean t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0ng sau khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf l\u1ea1i M\u0129 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t mi\u1ec1n r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1: t\u1eeb Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean t\u1edbi B\u1eafc Kinh, t\u1eeb H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng t\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0 Singapore.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 r\u1ed3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti m\u1edbi kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c. Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u1eeb nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng tham gia v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c1 kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ban tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di d\u00e2n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, 94% s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u. \u0110a s\u1ed1 trong h\u1ecd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u0129 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ki\u1ebfm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u1eeb kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 v\u1edbi t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di d\u00e2n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ea7u da, gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf M\u0129. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di d\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc;\u00a0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Immigrants in High Technology<\/p>\n

According to a new U.S. study of immigrants, about two third of scientific and engineering workers in the U.S are foreign-born and about a quarter of high tech companies are owned by immigrants, such as Chinese and Indians. These immigrants owned numbers of high tech companies that generated over $50 billion in revenue each year and employed more than 650,000 workers in the U.S. Many of these companies were in electronics, semiconductors, and Information technology industries.<\/p>\n

In Silicon Valley, the percentage of immigrant-owned startups is 53%. Among the immigrants, Indians were probably the most successful. According to the study, Indians had found more companies than any other groups such as Canadians, Russian, Chinese, Taiwanese, and Japanese. The proportion of Indian owned companies in Silicon Valley is 18%, even though Indians make up just 6% of population there. According to the study, among group of immigrants, Indians are known to help and support each others. The first wave of Indian immigrants was scientists, engineers who have worked for well established companies such as HP, National Semiconductor, and Texas Instrument in the early 1970s. They were willing to support the second wave of Indians who came during the booming of electronics industry in the 1980s where many became successful entrepreneurs in Silicon Valley. These Indians were also helping the third wave of immigrants who came during the Y2K issue in the late 1990s and teach them to be entrepreneurs and how to overcome certain obstacles that they may face. Indians often formed organizations to teach others about how to start businesses, and how to work together. They shared information, knowledge, skills, and sometime even capital needed to start companies. Some groups had several hundred members, and the more established associations had more than several thousand members. The Indian community learned the rules of how to do business in technology industry and eventually mastered them. They were the most active professionals in the technology sector in the U.S.<\/p>\n

Chinese were another successful group of immigrants in Silicon Valley and other technology cities such as Boston, Austin, Seattle and San Francisco. There are several Chinese associations and professional groups that were created to support each other even they were not as successful as the Indians. According to the study, there were two types of Chinese immigrants. The first group arrived in the U.S during the 1950s and 1960s that populated Chinatowns in big cities was mostly Cantonese speaking. Many were not well educated but very successful in business such as restaurants, financials, imports\/exports, and retails. The second group who came in 1970s and 1980s were mostly better educated, speaking Mandarin and more active. Most of them came as college students from China but after graduated decided to stay in the U.S and worked in technology industry. This group comprised of people from a wide range of regions in Asia: from Shanghai and Szechuan to Beijing, from Hong Kong to Taiwan and Singapore.<\/p>\n

Because most were college educated, they often worked in high technology industry then eventually became entrepreneurs and venture capitalists who invested in other technology startups. The clear distinction from this group to other immigrants were they often engaged in social activities, forming coalitions with other Asians who have similar goals such as working against racial discrimination, and campaigning for political activities. Some of them were elected to school board, city council, mayor and even state congressman.<\/p>\n

The study also found that among immigrants who worked in technology industry, 94% of them have college education with many have advanced degrees. A majority of them study science and technology from U.S universities and eventually get jobs in these areas. One thing clear from this study is that with talents and education, these immigrants can succeed on the basis of their achievement. And that skin color, accent, and background did not matter in the U.S. By follow these steps of previous immigrants; many could achieve a similar success.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Theo m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a M\u0129 v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0, qu\u00e3ng hai ph\u1ea7n ba c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 \u1edf M\u0129 … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1566","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-xu-huong-toan-cau"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1566","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1566"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1566\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1567,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1566\/revisions\/1567"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1566"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1566"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1566"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}