{"id":1554,"date":"2013-07-03T09:31:15","date_gmt":"2013-07-03T02:31:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1554"},"modified":"2013-07-03T09:31:15","modified_gmt":"2013-07-03T02:31:15","slug":"qui-trinh-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1554","title":{"rendered":"Qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 g\u00ec?"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean vi\u1ebft cho t\u00f4i: \u201cEm kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cQui tr\u00ecnh\u201d v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m? C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 g\u00ec?”<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00e1p: Qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: D\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0o qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3. T\u00e0i nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng khi tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 ra k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5. Tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201ctr\u1eadt t\u1ef1\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo n\u00f3 “t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t” t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9c theo qui t\u1eafc. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf; ch\u1ec9 khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh th\u00ec b\u1ea1n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 v.v.<\/p>\n

Qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n b\u1edfi ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3: M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. Th\u1eddi gian chu k\u00ec: “T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9” c\u1ee7a qui tr\u00ecnh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qui tr\u00ecnh. V\u00e0 Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a qui tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i v.v. T\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ra n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 hay t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i hay n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p t\u1eeb n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n l\u00ean n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c m\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00fang, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m s\u1ebd l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. V\u00ec ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng “l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo t\u1ed5”, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec1u tu\u00e2n theo nh\u1eefng qui t\u1eafc n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 tu\u00e2n theo “Qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh” cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n “Qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh” trong b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 tu\u00e2n theo n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong mu\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh trong \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh, t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3, v\u00e0 t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng theo th\u00e0nh t\u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Khi sinh vi\u00ean \u0111i l\u00e0m, t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 khi h\u1ecd c\u00f2n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh, nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n giao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng trong l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1eadm v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00e9m. Ch\u00fang th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec1u cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau. Ch\u00fang th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Ch\u00fang th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00ec c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1edbi tr\u1ec5 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qui tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ch\u00fang th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c hay \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi gian, l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. N\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 tu\u00e2n theo “con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng” t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t. T\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5. Khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u1ea3y ra, b\u1ea3n l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ai l\u00e0m c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n (t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What is a process?<\/p>\n

A student wrote to me: \u201cI do not understand the term \u201cProcess\u201d and why do we need to follow a process in software development? What is continuous improvement?”<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Answer: A process is an organized sequence of activities to complete something. For example: A software project. In this case, a project is the application of resources to that process. Resources are people, tools and techniques that you apply when following a process. The term \u201cpeople\u201d also indicates the skill and experience of the team members. A Sequence is the order in which things are accomplished. The term \u201corder\u201d means you must follow it \u201cstep by step\u201d according to a rule. For example, you must understand the requirements before start designing; only when design is completed then you can start coding etc.<\/p>\n

A process is represented by three factors: Efficiency: The relationship between resource use and accomplished results. Cycle Time: The \u201cspeed\u201d of the process, i.e., the time it takes to complete a process. And Quality: The quality of the process as defined by users such as meet requirements, have no defects etc. The combination of these three factors defines the capability of a team or an organization. A continuous improvement is the changing or upgrading from lower capability to higher capability.<\/p>\n

Without proper training, software developers will do whatever they want just to get their works done. Since software development is a \u201cTeamwork\u201d activity, not individual activity, it is important that all team members follow certain rules such as following a \u201cDefined process\u201d for that project. The project manager must identify the \u201cDefined process\u201d in the project plan and monitor activities to ensure that team members are following it to get the desired results such as efficiency, quality and speed.<\/p>\n

One of the major issue in computer science training is students have a tendency to work in isolation. Typically, each is given a problem to solve, a program to code, and each is graded according to individual achievement. When students go to work, each will continue to do whatever possible to get their jobs done, just like when they are in school. Without an understanding about teamwork by following a process, many projects will fail to deliver software to customers within schedule and with quality. Many projects are often late and with poor quality. They fail because the lack of coordination and teamwork that allows team members to work together. They fail because some members hurry to code without really understand the requirements. They fail because there are too many changes in the projects that come late and there is no process to handle changes. They fail because project managers do not know how to plan, to organize, or to estimate the time, schedule and effort needed to complete the project.<\/p>\n

A defined process is a roadmap for the project. It require team members to follow the \u201croad\u201d step by step. Each step has a clearly defined roles and responsibilities for each team member. When changes happen, the roadmap clearly identify who is doing what so the team can get their works done with efficiency, quality and meeting project schedule (Speed).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean vi\u1ebft cho t\u00f4i: \u201cEm kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cQui tr\u00ecnh\u201d v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh trong ph\u00e1t … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1554","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tang-truong-nang-luc-to-chuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1554","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1554"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1554\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1555,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1554\/revisions\/1555"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1554"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1554"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1554"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}