{"id":1546,"date":"2013-07-03T09:23:05","date_gmt":"2013-07-03T02:23:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1546"},"modified":"2013-07-03T09:23:05","modified_gmt":"2013-07-03T02:23:05","slug":"lap-ke-hoach-du-an-phan-mem-qui-trinh-muoi-buoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1546","title":{"rendered":"L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m: Qui tr\u00ecnh “m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u01b0\u1edbc”"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m (PM) kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. H\u1ecd th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng trao cho h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n hay \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Logic c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, sao b\u1eadn t\u00e2m t\u1edbi l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i? H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch hay \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng tin gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. B\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec; h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n “la b\u00e0n” \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u1ecd. Vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 la b\u00e0n ch\u1ec9 cho h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u1eadp ra. Vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 g\u00ec; d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng; m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec. Vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn gi\u1eef cho n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00f3ng th\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec. H\u1ecd c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng hay nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, t\u1ed5 c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch gi\u1eef c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. C\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin ch\u1ea3y b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd cho t\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u1ee9c cao c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u1eebng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. N\u1ebfu ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng con cho d\u1ec5 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e0y v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 n\u0103m l\u00e0 chia nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n (C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n vi\u1ec7c – Work Breakdown Structure) v\u00e0 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m. V\u00ec c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean thay \u0111\u1ed5i do nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u1ee5 th\u00eam, th\u00f4ng tin m\u1edbi, hay th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Do \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef danh s\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i hay s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng mu\u1ed1n cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd d\u1ef1a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft tr\u00ean danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 gi\u1eef cho danh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ee5 th\u00eam. B\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u00e1ch thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh vai tr\u00f2, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng cho h\u1ecd c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 qua k\u0129 n\u0103ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0o s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 cho nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0o v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 v\u1edbi k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n thay v\u00ec k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd l\u1ea5y c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n theo s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng theo k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea7n 10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec h\u1ecd thu\u00ea 10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 t\u1edbi k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c l\u00ed do m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean k\u0129 n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00ean s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n. Trong b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, v\u00e0 trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 b\u1ea9y l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng cho c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y t\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00fang v\u00e0o tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 theo \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n r\u1ed3i t\u00f3m t\u1eaft ch\u00fang trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. L\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00ean c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng; hay y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n, hay y\u00eau c\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. M\u1ed9t khi th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n (ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n).<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m l\u00e0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra; n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n chu\u1ea9n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 s\u1ebd \u0111o ch\u00fang. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ecdi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng; c\u00f3 \u00edt l\u1ed7i (kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 1 l\u1ed7i tr\u00ean m\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00ecn d\u00f2ng m\u00e3); \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v.v. Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111ang t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro. V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 x\u1ea3y ra b\u00ean trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft h\u1ebft, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd v\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n r\u1ee7i ro d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 ch\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Tu\u1ef3 theo \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cung c\u1ea5p t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u bao g\u1ed3m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t, v.v.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Software Project planning: The “Ten-Steps” process<\/p>\n

Some software project managers (PM) do not know how to develop a project plan. They do not even plan but only use the schedules given to them by customers. They do not develop vision for the project or estimate the project efforts. Their logic is requirements always change, why bother to plan something that will change? They do not understand the purpose or the benefits of a project plan.<\/p>\n

A project plan is a document used to communicate information between the project manager to the project team and the customer. The first step in developing a project plan is to set the direction for the project. When the project starts, the team does not know what to do; they need a \u201cCompass\u201d to guide them. The project vision is the compass that points them to the direction set by the project manager. The vision explains to them what success would be; what kind of problems the project will solve for the customer; what are the goals and objectives and what the customer\u2019s expectation are. The vision keeps the team\u2019s effort aligned with customer requirements and project objectives.<\/p>\n

The second step is to describe the problems that the project is intended to solve. Team members need to understand the problems, as well as what a successful solution could be. They need to know about the customers and users. A project may have one single customer or multiple customers with different requirements. In this case, the team needs to know how to balance several different requirements and still meet customers\u2019 needs.<\/p>\n

The third step is to describe the software product. The best way to do this is to use the Context Diagram, in which project manager defines how the software interacts with customers or users, and how information flows in and out of the system. This Diagram will give the team an overview of the software.<\/p>\n

The fourth step is to describe the high level functions of the software product. The project manager should describe each function based on customer\u2019s requirements. If the software is large and complex, some functions can be divided into sub-functions for easy description. It is important that project manager validates these functional requirements with customers to ensure that they are exactly what the customers need.<\/p>\n

The fifth step is to break down these functional requirements into smaller tasks (Work Breakdown Structure) and list these tasks so team members can see all the tasks that they must do. Since requirements often change because of additional needs, new information, or sometime customers decide to change the requirements. These changes will affect everything in the project. Therefore the project needs to have a plan to ensure that only the correct requirements are implemented. By keeping a current list of all the tasks, team members know which task has been changed or modified, and how they impact their works. When project begins, team members do not know all information that customer want so they rely mostly on this list of tasks. It is important to keep this list up to date based on additional information. The project plan will define how to deal with changes, how changes will be reviewed, and how the list of tasks will be updated to ensure that the project will meet the needs of customers.<\/p>\n

The sixth step is to define the roles, responsibilities of each team member and assigns them to tasks based on their skills and experiences. By identify team members by skills, project managers will know which skills are available for which task and what skills are needed. Project manager can identify team members that have these skills, if not he may have to hire additional people with specific skills to complete the project. This is an important because some project managers often rely on the number of people available for the project instead of their skills. They staff projects by number of people needed rather than skills needed. For example, if the project needs 10 people then they hire 10 people regardless of their skills. This is one of the reasons that many project failed. Experienced project managers always staff project based on skills not on number of people needed. In this step, project manager also identifies hardware, software, and equipments needed for the project and how they will be obtained.<\/p>\n

The seventh step is to estimate the efforts needed to complete these tasks. It is recommended that project manager works with team members that have been assigned tasks to come up with an estimate for their works. Project manager must take each task and put them into the order which they will be done then summarize them into an overall estimated time required to complete all tasks. Using this information, project manager can negotiate with customers on project schedule. A project schedule should be based on an agreement based on customer\u2019s expected schedule and the summary of the estimated time needed to complete all tasks. The project manager can ask for changing schedule if there is significant different in scheduled time and estimated time; or more people; or reduce functionality. Once the negotiation is complete, project manager will update the list of tasks and assign a date to the start and completion of each of the tasks as well as update the project\u2019s budget (Money allocated to the project).<\/p>\n

The eight step is to plan for product quality. Quality does not just happen; it needs to be built in. The project manager needs to identify the quality standard to which the project will be measured and how team members will measure them. For example, quality can be defined as meeting all customer requirements; having fewer defects (No more than 1 defect per ten thousand lines of code); meeting cost and schedule etc. Quality must be defined clearly and reviewed with both customers and senior managers to ensure that the project is producing a quality product.<\/p>\n

The ninth step is to managing risks. Since not everything that happens within software project is known. Things may happen as a surprise because they cannot be predicted. These uncertain things are risks and they must be managed. The project manager needs to identify project risks, their possibility of occurrence, how to mitigate them and how to communicate them to team members, if they happen.<\/p>\n

The tenth step is to define project documentation. Depending on the complexity and customer requirements, a project may be required to provide supporting documentation as part of the project deliverables. Documentation includes user manuals, online help, installation guides, etc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m (PM) kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. H\u1ecd th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadp … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1546","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1546","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1546"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1546\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1547,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1546\/revisions\/1547"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1546"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1546"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1546"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}