{"id":1540,"date":"2013-07-02T21:53:07","date_gmt":"2013-07-02T14:53:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1540"},"modified":"2013-07-02T23:54:26","modified_gmt":"2013-07-02T16:54:26","slug":"1540","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1540","title":{"rendered":"M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Dreyfus"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m h\u1ecfi t\u00f4i: \u201cC\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? L\u00e0m sao h\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb7t l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng? L\u00e0m sao h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft ai gi\u1ecfi h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c? H\u1ecd d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 n\u00e0o?&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo tri th\u1ee9c, k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Dreyfus. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean c\u01a1 \u1edf k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u0103m m\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1eeb t\u1eadp s\u1ef1 cho t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean gia.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eadp s\u1ef1: <\/em>T\u1ea1i m\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u1edf vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hay c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng d\u00f9ng<strong>.<\/strong> H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9\u00a0 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh hay qui t\u1eafc nh\u01b0ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng vi ph\u1ea1m qui t\u1eafc. H\u1ecd \u01b0a th\u00edch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng hay kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. H\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n khi b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec ra ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3y ra b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/li>\n<li><em>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em>: T\u1ea1i m\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch t\u00ecm th\u00f4ng tin h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m. H\u1ecd h\u1ecdc tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd \u0111ang l\u00e0m<strong>.<\/strong> Tuy nhi\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hay c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng. H\u1ecd bi\u1ebft v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c pha c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd nh\u1ea3y qua m\u1ed9t pha hay v\u00e0i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed trao cho h\u1ecd v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh quan kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 nh\u01b0ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eadp s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 lo l\u1eafng khi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111i sai.<\/li>\n<li><em>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/em>: T\u1ea1i m\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec3u v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o trong to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. H\u1ecd bi\u1ebft vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c trong t\u1ed5 n\u1eefa. H\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ea5y b\u1ee9c tranh l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khi c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd x\u1ea3y ra. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khi c\u1ea7n. H\u1ecd bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n<li><em>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o: T\u1ea1i m\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea7n b\u1ee9c tranh l\u1edbn v\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3<\/em>. H\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 h\u1ecd l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 r\u00fat ra kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean quan t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c thay v\u00ec l\u1ea5y n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t to\u00e0n th\u1ec3. H\u1ecd \u01b0a th\u00edch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong t\u1ed5 v\u00ec h\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chung thay v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/li>\n<li><em>Chuy\u00ean gia:<\/em> T\u1ea1i m\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng s\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1. H\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng k\u00e8m c\u1eb7p ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd ra l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c noi theo. Tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u00e2u v\u00ec h\u1ecd chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n ho\u00e1 trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi. H\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ra ngo\u00e0i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Dreyfus y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eadp s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n tu\u00e2n theo nh\u1eefng qui t\u1eafc v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t. Do \u0111\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 h\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho c\u00f4ng ti n\u00e0o, l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ti kh\u00e1c trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y. Trong c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u1ee9ng ra quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o cho b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (HR) \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng theo m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng b\u1ea3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u1eebng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 cho h\u1ecd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. B\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh t\u1eebng n\u0103m tu\u1ef3 theo th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n<p>Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean gia v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tri th\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean gia c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1ea5t, l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tri th\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tu\u1ef3 theo nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ti v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. B\u1ea3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra b\u1ea5t k\u00ec s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n n\u00e0o cho l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u1ebfu tri th\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean gia c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao h\u01a1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng h\u1ecdc k\u0129 n\u0103ng m\u1edbi v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111i l\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<p>Trong c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 qui t\u1eafc nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t s\u1ebd gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eadp s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd l\u00e0m trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean gia s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti \u01b0a th\u00edch \u201c\u0111\u00e1nh c\u1eafp\u201d chuy\u00ean gia c\u1ee7a nhau b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00e0o l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f3i: \u201cKhi b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia, tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n.\u201d Kh\u00f4ng ai ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m qu\u00e3ng $250,000 t\u1edbi $300,000 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;-English version&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Dreyfus model<\/p>\n<p>A software developer asked me: \u201cHow does a company promote developers? How do they set their salary accordingly? How do they know who is better than others? What measurements are they using?&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Answer: Software companies often classify their developers according to their knowledge, skills and experiences based on the Dreyfus model. This model deals with how people attain and master their skills. It is applicable on a per skills basis and has five levels of development for a software developer to get from novice to expert level.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Novice: A<\/em>t this level, developers do not really know how to be successful at their jobs. They do not pay attention to the whole development process or how the software will be used by customers. They only want to do whatever they can to complete their jobs. They do not know how to follow process or rules<strong> <\/strong>but will do anything for quick successes and often violate rules. They prefer to work alone and feel uncomfortable in interaction with others, especially users or customers. They often confuse when anything out of the ordinary happens.<\/li>\n<li><em>Beginner<\/em>: At this level, developers know how to find the information they need to do their jobs. They have some ideas on what should be done. They learn to follow some techniques and methods to help them on what they are doing. However they are not interested in the entire development process or how the software will be used. They know the development lifecycle and its phases but do not follow it consistently. If needed, they will skip a phase or few activities, just to get their works done. They only focus on the task given to them by manager and not willing to look at other perspective. They are reluctant to participate in teamwork but will do whatever assigned. They can use their skills at a more competent level than a novice but still have trouble when things go wrong.<\/li>\n<li><em>Competent<\/em>: At this level, developers understand the software lifecycle well enough to participate in the entire development process. They know their roles and responsibilities and other team members too. They work well in teamwork and have the ability to see the big picture and how it would affect the outcomes. They can deal with problems when something unexpected happens. They can use their experiences to solve some problems when necessary. They know how to be successful as an individual but their ability to help others is somewhat limited.<\/li>\n<li><em>Proficient<\/em>: At this level, developers<em> <\/em>need the big picture and will not function well without it. They understand the software process well and follow it consistently. They can reflect on how well they are doing and draw upon their experience to improve their skills. They can draw relevant information from the experience of others rather than taking it in as a whole. They prefer to work in team because they understand their limitation. They are willing to help others and often work toward a common goals rather than individual goal.<\/li>\n<li><em>Expert:<\/em> At this level, developers no longer require guidelines to function but intuitively know what to do in a given situation. They will also constantly seek to find better ways of doing things. They often become team leader and willing to mentor others. They set themselves as examples for others to follow. Their knowledge and skills are broad and deep as they specialize in areas that they are interested in. They often expand their works outside the boundary of the software project by understand users, customers, managers and the business of the company.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Basically what the Dreyfus model postulates is that novices and beginners need to follow certain rules and guidelines to succeed and they need more trainings to be productive. Therefore their salaries are based mostly on the market value of their contribution. Regardless which company they work for, their salaries are compatible with other company in the industry. In software company, it is the manager who observes and makes recommendation to the Human Resource (HR) organization to classify developers according to their levels. Human resource organization often uses an industry salary table based on each level to pay them accordingly. This table is adjusted each year depending on the job market and skill needed.<\/p>\n<p>However, when developers reach expert levels and apply their expertise to the fullest. Their salaries are based solely on their special expertise, which depend on the company needs and the job market. The HR salary table does not set any amount for their salary. If their expertise is rare and difficult to find, they can command higher salary. Developers who are willing to learn new skills and understand these levels can quickly move up and command higher salary than others.<\/p>\n<p>In typical software company, having a well defined process and strict rules would help guide novices and beginners to be more effective at what they do while expert people will not need much guidance. That is why most companies prefer to \u201cSteal\u201d each other\u2019s experts by offering higher wages and bigger incentives. A developer said: \u201cWhen you are an expert, the sky is the limit\u201d. No one would be surprised when today some developers made about $250,000 to $300,000 a year.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m h\u1ecfi t\u00f4i: \u201cC\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? L\u00e0m sao h\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb7t l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng? L\u00e0m &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16,3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1540","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nha-doanh-nghiep","category-quan-li-he-thong-tin"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1540","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1540"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1540\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1544,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1540\/revisions\/1544"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1540"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1540"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1540"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}