{"id":1505,"date":"2013-07-02T20:49:14","date_gmt":"2013-07-02T13:49:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1505"},"modified":"2013-07-02T20:49:14","modified_gmt":"2013-07-02T13:49:14","slug":"lam-viec-to-cua-du-an","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1505","title":{"rendered":"L\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf: \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 r\u1ed3i th\u00eam m\u00e3 n\u1eefa nh\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Chung cu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00f3 sai v\u00e0 ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i.\u201d Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n: \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed n\u1eefa v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra l\u1ed7i r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i h\u01a1n. Chung cu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed m\u00e3 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed cho h\u1ecd.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y n\u00f3 sang pha ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 cho ai \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft n\u00f3. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed l\u00e0 do vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch b\u1edfi nh\u00f3m “ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng” thay v\u00ec t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5 “qui tr\u00ecnh” v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. H\u1ecd d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 nh\u00f3m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u00f3m ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, nh\u00f3m thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd theo c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, t\u1eebng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf hay n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee3i cho t\u1edbi khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m xong v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed kh\u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hay n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee3i cho t\u1edbi khi vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m xong v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho h\u1ecd ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c sang pha ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng sau t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u00e1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n trao \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh vai tr\u00f2, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f9ng tham gia v\u00e0o ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf r\u00f5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf trong khi ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. C\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chung v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ch\u00ednh vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho t\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 tin c\u1eady. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u1ecdp t\u1ed5 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eafc m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng b\u1ed5 sung cho nhau ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c anh h\u00f9ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. M\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ed5 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eafc m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

D\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m theo t\u1ed5. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u1ea1nh, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng theo qui tr\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u01a1i to\u00e0n t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh “h\u1ed3 nghi v\u00e0 \u00a0\u0111\u1ea5u tranh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9\u201d.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Project teamwork<\/p>\n

Software developers often complain about designers: \u201cWe have written code then more code but somehow nothing work. Finally we found that designers did it wrong and wasting our time.\u201d Testers often complain about developers: \u201cWe have tested and more tests and found defects then more defects. Finally we found that developers did not even test their own code but let us do all the testing for them.\u201d<\/p>\n

Some software people do not do their jobs but push it to the next phase so someone has to deal with it. The strained relationship between designers and developers and developers and testers are due to the separation by \u201cFunctional\u201d group instead of organizing project into \u201cProcess\u201d team with defined roles and responsibilities.<\/p>\n

Some project managers do not know how to build an effective team. They rely on existing organization functions such as development group, test group, design group and organize their project in the same way. In this case, each function is completely separated. Developers do not participate in design works or talk to designers but wait until the design is done and given to them to write code. Testers do not participate in development works or talk to developers but wait until coding is done and given to them to test. The pushing works into the next functional phase is creating discontent and frustration in software projects.<\/p>\n

There are ways to reduce this tension by making changes in the way project is structured. Project manager must emphasize teamwork and facilitate communication among team members. The project manager must define roles, responsibilities for team members where their works are integrated. For example, designers are responsible for the software design but must encourage developers to participate in the design review to understand how the design is structured. By understand the design well, developers can write their code better and if needed provide feedbacks to designers during design reviews. The same can also be applied to developers and testers to avoid misunderstanding and confusion. The entire project team must work together toward a common goal and all members must follow a defined process. It is the job of the project manager to create favorable working conditions for the team by removes obstacles and conflicts among members.<\/p>\n

The foundation of a project team is trust. People must feel comfortable to discuss their views and receive feedbacks. Project must have frequent team meetings where members can share their opinions and ask for supports from others. A good project manager must make sure everyone recognizes their own strengths and weaknesses. Great teams are made up of individuals with complementary skills not individual hero. Every team member must put the team first. Project managers must make sure every member understands how their contribution is valued but the overall success is always a team achievement.<\/p>\n

Software project is teamwork. Without strong project leadership, the project will not be successful. By organize the project according to a process with clearly defined roles, responsibilities and reviews where the entire team can participate is the best way to avoid \u201cmistrust and feudal infighting\u201d.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf: \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 r\u1ed3i th\u00eam m\u00e3 n\u1eefa nh\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1505","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1505","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1505"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1505\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1506,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1505\/revisions\/1506"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1505"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1505"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1505"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}