{"id":1442,"date":"2013-07-02T16:13:47","date_gmt":"2013-07-02T09:13:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1442"},"modified":"2013-07-02T16:13:47","modified_gmt":"2013-07-02T09:13:47","slug":"phan-mem-nhung","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1442","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u00fang"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. K\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, t\u1eeb tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i m\u00e1y t\u00ednh t\u1edbi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng doanh nghi\u1ec7p; t\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1ed9 vi x\u1eed l\u00ed t\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed giao t\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n. M\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u00fang hay ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m “d\u1ef1ng s\u1eb5n b\u00ean trong” (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00fang v\u00e0o) trong c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. V\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng s\u1eb5n, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i hay s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa cho n\u00ean ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u00fang y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u00fang ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u1ea7m tay, t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1ed9 vi x\u1eed, m\u00e1y nghe MP3, \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng minh, b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn t\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng, robots, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v.v. B\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u00fang ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eaft hay l\u1ed7i, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u00fang l\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ng\u1eebng b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n l\u1eafp r\u00e1p c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t thang m\u00e1y, chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ec1n ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n, hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nguy hi\u1ec3m h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111e do\u1ea1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb y t\u1ebf hay h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Do t\u00ednh g\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u00fang \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u (th\u1ea1c s\u0129 hay ti\u1ebfn s\u0129) thay v\u00ec b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh qui. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 n\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec7n, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 logic. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u0103ng tuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, hay k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec7n. (Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c m\u00f4n v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf logic, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh song song v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh).<\/p>\n

Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00ed v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf (c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m) m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00ed c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, n\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c h\u00e0m to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc hay logic, nh\u1eadn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00ed th\u00e0nh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ra. Trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u00fang, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00ed v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00ed. Sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00ed, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi an to\u00e0n, \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng. V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u00fang v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed trong \u00f4 t\u00f4, m\u00e1y bay, \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u00e2m thanh, robots, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng an ninh, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t tim, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng y h\u1ecdc, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v.v.<\/p>\n

K\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u00fang ph\u1ea3i chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n ho\u00e1 trong mi\u1ec1n chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Nguy\u00ean l\u00ed c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u00fang l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00ed cho n\u00ean c\u00e1c k\u0129 s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00ed \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u00fang ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf chi ti\u1ebft nh\u01b0 loic v\u00e0 c\u1ed5ng logic, m\u1ea1ch s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb logic, m\u1ea3ng logic l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u1ea1ch tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1, m\u1ea1ch l\u1eadt, b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb thanh ghi v\u00e0 m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. Sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed, t\u1eadp l\u1ec7nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng, si\u00eau v\u00f4 h\u01b0\u1edbng, b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u1ea9n, b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb v\u1eadt l\u00ed, b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u1ea3o, v\u00e0 I\/O, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vector, \u0111a m\u1ea1ch, c\u00e1ch t\u1eebng c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, logic c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1edbi b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p sinh vi\u00ean hi\u1ec3u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf logic hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00ed \u0111a nh\u00e2n. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00ed m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00ed \u0111a nh\u00e2n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3n nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf song song v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 song song t\u01b0\u1eddng minh. Tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh song song \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac li\u00ean quan n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111a nh\u00e2n. Sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng vi\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u00fang \u0111a nh\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u00edch c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf song song d\u1eef li\u1ec7u qua c\u00e1c vector v\u00e0 SIMD, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf song song m\u1ee9c m\u1ea1ch, v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf song song d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng. Sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o \u0111a nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb d\u00f9ng chung lu\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c bao qu\u00e1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb x\u1eed l\u00ed \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u1ea1 (GPUs). C\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh song song \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111a nh\u00e2n. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong C v\u00e0 C++ l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c, sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt l\u00ed xi be th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt l\u00ed xi be l\u00e0 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadt l\u00ed. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadt l\u00ed trong th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c. Ng\u00e0y nay ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i m\u1ea1ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eadt l\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c then ch\u1ed1t m\u00e0 k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u00fang ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u00ec ch\u00ednh nhu c\u1ea7u m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng xi be c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn. Sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u nguy\u00ean l\u00ed, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng xi be v\u1eadt l\u00ed \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cao. Sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch thu th\u1eadp y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng xi be, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nguy hi\u1ec3m, l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c, l\u1eadp l\u1ecbch th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u1ea3o, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao nh\u1ea5t, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u00fang c\u0169ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 an ninh cao nh\u1ea5t. Sinh vi\u00ean trong k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u00fang ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eadt m\u00e3 ho\u00e1, an ninh cho c\u00e1c giao th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, an ninh cho h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh di \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 an ninh cho th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t bao g\u1ed3m: m\u1eadt kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ngo\u1ea1i tuy\u1ebfn, t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 DDoS, x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn sinh tr\u1eafc, PKI, th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh, S\/MIME, t\u00ednh ri\u00eang t\u01b0 tr\u00ean Web, virut, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh an ninh, an ninh kh\u00f4ng d\u00e2y, v\u00e0 sandboxing (th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ea1y t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra). Sinh vi\u00ean s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh qua c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u0129 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u00fang, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 sinh vi\u00ean l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u0129 n\u0103ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u00fang cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ecf hay h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng di \u0111\u1ed9ng bao g\u1ed3m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn l\u00e1i theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m. Sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u1ebft m\u1ea1ng nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p. Trong n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i, sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean d\u1ef1 \u00e1n capstone c\u00f3 m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng song h\u00e0nh, v\u1edbi giao di\u1ec7n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, tin c\u1eady, v\u00e0 dung sai. C\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng bao g\u1ed3m x\u1eed l\u00ed ng\u1eaft, v\u00e0o ra m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p, song h\u00e0nh.
\nK\u0129 s\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u00fang. K\u0129 s\u01b0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0o c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u00fang tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o trong thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9 vi x\u1eed l\u00ed. K\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u00fang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n, c\u01a1 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 quang, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u00fang s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m hay h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb t\u00ednh to\u00e1n b\u00e1n d\u1eabn nh\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi ki\u1ec3u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. V\u1eady, nhu c\u1ea7u cho k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u00fang \u0111ang t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u00ec th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00ed nh\u00fang ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng l\u00ean.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Embbeded software<\/p>\n

The goal of software engineering is to design and develop quality software that meets customers\u2019 requirement. Software engineers work on many types of software, from computer games to business applications; from software that control the microprocessor to software that manage stock market transactions. One of the special areas of software engineering is the embedded software or software that \u201cbuilt into\u201d (embedded) in various products. Because it is built in, it is very difficult to change or fixed so embedded software requires the highest quality possible.<\/p>\n

Embedded Software controls most portable electronics, from mobile phones, microprocessors, MP3 players, smart-phone, routers to more sophisticated devices such as avionics devices, robots, medical devices and nuclear reactor systems etc. Because embedded software should run continuously without interruptions or errors, the development of embedded software is the most intensive process with the strictest verification and validation. For example, it is very difficult to shutdown a telephone switches, factory assembly lines controls, elevator controls, banking funds transfer and stock market systems, or even more dangerous and life threatening systems such as medical devices or nuclear reactor systems.<\/p>\n

Due to its critical and sophisticated applications, Embedded Software Engineering is typically taught as an advanced degree program (Master or Ph.D) rather in a regular bachelor degree. The program focuses on the combination of both software and hardware and it requires students to have good foundations of software development, hardware design, electrical engineering, mathematics and logic. To enroll in the program, most schools require students to have a bachelor\u2019s degree in computer engineering, software engineering, or electrical engineering. (Admission puts special attention to students who have taken courses in logic design, computer architecture, parallel programming, and operating system).<\/p>\n

In the program, students learn the principles of design (Both hardware and software) that interact with the environment. This is different from the principles of computer science that focuses on the function of a software program where software is the realization of mathematical and logical functions that receive input data and process into output data. In embedded software, its role is not the processing and transformation of data, but interaction with the physical world. Students must understand the reactive nature of the interaction of a component with its environment, the dynamics of the physical world, the different ways of communication among components, and requirements concerning safety, timeliness, stability, and performance. Basically embedded software operates and controls electronic devices in cars, airplanes, telephones, audio equipment, robots, appliances, security systems, heart monitors, medical systems, weapons systems, television sets, printers, climate control systems, manufacturing systems, and nuclear reactor systems etc.<\/p>\n

Embedded software engineers must specialize in specific domain and have strong knowledge of the architectures that they work with. The principal of embedded software is interaction with the physical world so its engineers should understand that physical world. That is why embedded software students must study computer architecture, develop knowledge of major building block of a computer, detailed design such as logic and logic gates, arithmetic circuits, logical devices, programmable logic arrays, sequential circuits, flips-flops, register memories and state machines. Student must understand how microprocessor is designed, performance and cost issues, instruction sets, pipelining, superscalar, caches, physical memory, virtual memory, and I\/O, vector execution, multithreading, how each component is designed, its logic and interaction among them, as well as the approach to cost and performance design tradeoffs. These fundamentals will allow students to understand modern logic design and digital systems.<\/p>\n

Today, most computers are using multicore processors. Unlike the sequential single-core processors of the past, utilizing a multicore processor requires students to identify parallelism and write explicitly parallel code. Knowledge of parallel programming is needed to work on these relevant architectural trends and aspects of multicore. Students must be able to write multicore embedded software by extracting data parallelism via vectors and SIMD, thread-level parallelism, and task-based parallelism, efficient synchronization, and program profiling and performance tuning. Students should focuses on mainstream shared-memory multicores with some coverage of graphics processing units (GPUs). The best way to master these tasks is to spend time to practice parallel programming to get experience before learning to analyze and tuning multicore software. Experience in C and C++ is needed.<\/p>\n

Since most embedded software products are real-time, students must learn how to build real-time cyber physical systems. Cyber physical systems are integrations of computation and communication with physical processes. Embedded software is used to monitor and control physical processes in real-time. Today most computers are often networked, it is important to understand how the entire network system operate by sensing, monitoring, controlling our physical environment. This is a key knowledge that embedded software engineers must know well since it is a critical demand from the industry to build large scale cyber systems. Students must understand the principles, methods, and techniques for building high-assurance cyber-physical systems. Student must learn how to collect requirements, analyze, and modeling a cyber system, conduct models, assurance cases, hazard analysis, real-time programming, real-time scheduling and virtual machines, feedback control in computer systems, how to conduct verification and validation, and evidence-based certification.<\/p>\n

Besides having the highest quality, most embedded software also require the highest degree of security. Students in embedded software engineering must learn the fundamentals of cryptography, security for communication protocols, security for operating systems and mobile programs, and security for electronic commerce. Some specific topics include: passwords and offline attacks, DDoS attacks, biometric authentication, PKI, smart cards, S\/MIME, privacy on the Web, viruses, security models, wireless security, and sandboxing. Students will be expected to display knowledge of both theory and practice through rigorous programming assignments.<\/p>\n

To develop the skill of embedded software development, most universities have students to work on mini-projects throughout their courses to develop skills in create embedded applications for small systems or mobile systems including model-driven development, testing and verification. Student must be able to design a small networking system with low-level performance tuning and analysis. In the last year, students must work on capstone project that have all the characteristics of embedded real-time systems, such as system concurrency, with complex interfaces between devices and between software and devices. The project must demonstrate Knowledgeable about the issues of robustness, reliability, and fault tolerance. Be able to produce systems that involve interrupt handling, low level input and output, concurrency.
\nEmbedded software engineers plan, design, develop, test, and modify embedded software. Engineers design software by analyzing the requirements for an embedded system and determining which requirements have a software component. The software requirements are then translated into software functions to be implemented. Software is written by directly embedded into the devices such as microprocessor. Embedded software engineers typically work with other engineering disciplines, such as electrical, mechanical and optical, to ensure that the embedded software will accomplish the design goals for a particular product or system.<\/p>\n

Today embedded semiconductor computing devices are incorporated into an all types of products. Thus, the need for embedded software engineers is growing as the market for products having embedded processors continues to grow.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. K\u0129 … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1442","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-xu-huong-cong-nghe"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1442","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1442"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1442\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1443,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1442\/revisions\/1443"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1442"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1442"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1442"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}