{"id":1390,"date":"2013-07-02T12:42:21","date_gmt":"2013-07-02T05:42:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1390"},"modified":"2013-07-02T12:42:21","modified_gmt":"2013-07-02T05:42:21","slug":"qui-trinh-phat-trien-phan-mem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1390","title":{"rendered":"Qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t trong vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 v\u00ec \u0111a s\u1ed1 th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 nh\u01b0ng \u00edt t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean coi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00ec h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3. Khi h\u1ecd \u0111i l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c sau khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. V\u00ec y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ea7n s\u1eeda. Ch\u00fang c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda, m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, s\u1ebd qu\u00e1 kh\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u n\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 logic c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed hay b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 v\u00e0 s\u1eeda b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, h\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1ed5. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft chung v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u01a1i t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. Qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 ra cho t\u1ed5 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c cao t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c chi ti\u1ebft. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u01a1i to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh v\u00e0i pha v\u00e0 t\u1eebng pha c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

Qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qua vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea9m tra c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. B\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n. Ch\u1ec9 khi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn, t\u1ed5 m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh, t\u1ed5 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh hay x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00e9m v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt r\u1ee7i ro c\u1ee7a y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Sau khi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, t\u1ed5 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecd chia d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, t\u1ed5 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qua nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n giao di\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i th\u1ea9m tra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f5i v\u1ebft tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 cho s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea5t k\u00ec l\u1ed7i n\u00e0o trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m trong pha sau. Khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn t\u1eeb pha y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sang pha ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, t\u1ed5 s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u “y\u00eau c\u1ea7u suy d\u1eabn” m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u suy di\u1ec5n c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nguy\u00ean g\u1ed1c v\u00ec ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng, t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed5i qui m\u00f4, t\u00ednh d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 t\u00ednh b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec m\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng mong \u0111\u1ee3i nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ecdn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eadp c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t khi h\u1ecd k\u1ebft th\u00fac vi\u1ebft m\u00e3. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed m\u00e3i cho t\u1edbi khi h\u1ecd k\u1ebft th\u00fac vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb s\u1edbm trong pha ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u sai l\u1ea7m m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra trong pha thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb s\u1edbm, h\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u00fap cho h\u1ecd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Pha thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 n\u01a1i logic n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Trong pha n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n. Trong pha ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00e0o nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c l\u1eabn nhau. Trong pha thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 l\u00e0 v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf logic cho t\u1eebng c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng t\u1eadp c\u00e1c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn nh\u01b0 ph\u00e2n ho\u1ea1ch v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e1. Vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e1 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u1ed7i l\u00fac, kh\u00f4ng lo ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c. Khi m\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3i tham gia v\u00e0o ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 trong tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 theo qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea9m tra \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u pha th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n (vi\u1ebft m\u00e3). Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 ngay nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf; gi\u1eef cho c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac logic \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c t\u00ean bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi chu\u1ea9n. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc, r\u1ed3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c logic c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u sai l\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra trong pha n\u00e0y. Sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh bu\u1ed5i th\u1ea3o duy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u00fang tu\u00e2n thoe chu\u1ea9n vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch. T\u1eebng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u1eeda c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chuy\u1ec3n sang pha ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n

Trong pha ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 chuy\u1ec3n m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho t\u1ed5 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed. Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ecm ra l\u1ed7i. Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00f3 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t cao t\u00ecm ra l\u1ed7i. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch s\u1edbm trong pha thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i d\u00f5i v\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. (Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u00edch h\u1ee3p, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v.v.)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Software development process<\/p>\n

Many students are well trained in coding because a majority of their time in university is focusing on coding but little on software development process. Some students consider software development is an individual work as they often receive individual assignments that each must do and most assignments are about writing code. When they go to work, many have a tendency to start coding immediately after receive an assignment without fully understand the problem. As requirements often change and they have to modify their code, they often make mistakes that need fixing. The more they are fixed, the more complex their code becomes. Eventually, it will be too difficult to understand the structure of their code and their logic for testing or maintaining. If developers just code and fix and do whatever they want then it would be difficult to integrate their codes into a cohesive software product.<\/p>\n

When students are trained on software development process, they understand that development is not just writing code and it is a team effort. Before starting, the team must have common understanding of the problems that they must solve, the project goals, the project activities where each team member has certain roles and responsibilities for the work. The software process is a roadmap that shows the team how to develop software from the high level to the detail level. There is a sequence order called the development life cycle where the entire process is dividing into several phases and each has certain roles, responsibilities for team members.<\/p>\n

The software process starts with the understanding of the problem by verify the requirements with customers. Because customers often do not describe their needs clearly and often change their minds, the team must make sure what customers have asked for is what they needs. Only when these requirements are discussed and confirmed, the team begins to document them into the software requirements specification. By following the process, the team understands that the most common cause of project failure is unstable or poorly defined requirements and by having the requirements fully validated they can reduce the risk of changing requirements. After having customers approved the requirements document, the team starts their own discussion to make sure that every team member understands the problem well enough before they divide the project into smaller tasks that they must do.<\/p>\n

By following the software process, the team defines the architect of the system with several components. Team members identify the interfaces between these components and then verify that all components can be traced back to the requirements so that the product will meet customer\u2019s needs. This is important because any error in architecture can create issues during software integration in later phase. When a project moves from requirements phase to architecture phase, the team will discover that there are many \u201cDerived requirements\u201d that need to be done. Sometime the list of derived requirements is much more than the original requirements because an architect must consider things such as performance, scalability, usability, and maintainability that customers expect but do not ask for. Based on the architecture, the team selects software tools that they will use to build the system. At the same time, team members can begin to create a set of unit tests to be applied once they finish their code. Many developers do not think about testing until they finish coding but if they start to develop unit tests early during architecture phase, they can avoid many mistakes that often happen during design phase. By working on unit tests early, they understand the requirements better that help them to design the product better.<\/p>\n

Design phase is where the internal logic of each component is organized. During this phase, team members work on the details of the data structures and the algorithmic of each component. In architect phase, the main focus is on identifying the components and the relationship of these components and how they interact with each others. During the design phase, the focus is on designing the logic for each of the components. Team members follow a process and using a set of techniques and guidelines such as problem partitioning and abstraction. The use of abstraction allows team members to focus one task at a time, without worrying about the details of other tasks. When all tasks are done, the team should follow a verification process by having a review of the design of each component. Typically, the project manager, the system architect, and the quality assurance must participate in the review to make sure that all works are done according to the plan, the overall system architect, and in compliance with the standard process.<\/p>\n

When a design is fully verified and approved. Team members can start the implementation phase (Coding). Many people like to write code right away but if they follow the process, they must select data structure that meets the needs of the design; keep the logic structure as simple as possible; select meaningful variable names consistent with the standards. By select data structure first, then start with a logical organization of the coding structure they can avoid a lot of mistake often happen during this phase. After complete the first coding, team member must conduct a code walkthrough to review their code to make sure they follow the coding standard and their structures are consistent with the way the project is organized and planned. Each team member must perform unit tests and correct uncovered errors before move to the next phase.<\/p>\n

In the testing phase, team members transfer their code to the testing team. Testing is the process of executing a program with the intent of finding error. A good test is one that has a high probability of finding error. By following the process, team members understand that tests should be planed early during architecture phase and all tests should be traceable to customer requirements. Testing should start in the smallest part and progress toward testing in the larger part and eventually the entire software product. (Unit test, Function test, Integration test, System test etc.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t trong vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 v\u00ec \u0111a s\u1ed1 th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1390","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an","category-ki-nghe-phan-mem"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1390","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1390"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1390\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1391,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1390\/revisions\/1391"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1390"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1390"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1390"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}