{"id":137,"date":"2013-06-17T18:11:38","date_gmt":"2013-06-17T11:11:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=137"},"modified":"2013-06-17T18:11:38","modified_gmt":"2013-06-17T11:11:38","slug":"phuong-phap-hoc-tich-cuc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=137","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u00edch c\u1ef1c"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch lu\u1ef9 tri th\u1ee9c qua s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng. N\u00f3 tin r\u1eb1ng tri th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1eadp c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. H\u1ecdc sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1eebng m\u1ea3nh tri th\u1ee9c r\u1ed3i sang m\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c, m\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb nhi\u1ec1u tri th\u1ee9c c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau m\u1ea3nh tri th\u1ee9c. Tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh v\u00e0i nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng; t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c, t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac h\u1ecdc sinh ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 qua m\u1ecdi k\u00ec ki\u1ec3m tra, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 “con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng l\u00ean m\u1ed7i n\u0103m cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ghi nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. Thay v\u00ec d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o tr\u00ed nh\u1edb l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00ednh, h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft CH\u1ed6 N\u00c0O v\u00e0 L\u00c0M SAO t\u00ecm ra th\u00f4ng tin h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n. Th\u1ee9 hai, t\u00ecm th\u00f4ng tin ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u; h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, v\u00e0 \u0111i t\u1edbi k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn logic v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 t\u00ean “H\u1ecdc t\u00edch c\u1ef1c” hay “H\u1ecdc qua h\u00e0nh” n\u01a1i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u00fap cho h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean h\u1ecdc sinh t\u00ecm, ki\u1ebfm, \u0111\u1ecdc, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00ed th\u00f4ng tin b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd thay v\u00ec l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o n\u00f3i cho h\u1ecd qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng. H\u1ecdc sinh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng “t\u00edch c\u1ef1c” cho vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u TR\u01af\u1edaC KHI l\u00ean l\u1edbp b\u1edfi v\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, tranh c\u00e3i, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ecdc sinh thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00fang b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n h\u1ecd l\u00e0m th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, h\u1ecdc sinh h\u1ecdc t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd t\u00ecm t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00fang, th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. T\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i n\u00f3 theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00ec n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

Trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o s\u1ebd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc sinh gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc theo vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd r\u00fat ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Trong th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean l\u1edbp, th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc sinh xem x\u00e9t th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan, \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd ng\u1ee5 \u00fd theo c\u00e1ch logic v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng suy lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Trong khi l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o s\u1ebd khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecdc sinh th\u0103m d\u00f2 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 cho h\u1ecd. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau. H\u1ecdc sinh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, KH\u00d4NG d\u1ec5 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc “th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng” sang vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc “t\u00edch c\u1ef1c” v\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u1ecdc sinh quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y ng\u1ed3i nghe b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn cho n\u00ean kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f3i quen. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u1ecdc sinh s\u1ebd ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00ean l\u1edbp hay tham gia v\u00e0o th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean l\u1edbp. Nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00f3i quen t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 cho n\u00ean s\u1ebd l\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c cho th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n th\u00edch \u1ee9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi n\u00e0y. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u00e0: \u201cL\u00e0 th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 n\u00ean t\u1eeb b\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng?\u201d T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 v\u1eady. T\u00f4i tin c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u qua l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng gi\u1eefa l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh.\u00a0Vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 KH\u00d4NG c\u00f3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc, m\u00e0 linh ho\u1ea1t, th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh theo ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o gi\u1ecfi s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd khi c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc sinh b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho h\u1ecdc sinh. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, kinh nghi\u1ec7m h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

Active learning method<\/p>\n

Traditional education method is based on the accumulation of knowledge via textbooks and lecture-based teaching. It is believed that knowledge is a set of building blocks. Students learn one piece of knowledge then another and another. The more knowledge they can memorized the better, and testing is based on how many piece of knowledge students can memorize. Knowledge is organized into several groups of building block; each group is corresponding to a level, from elementary school to college. By the time students complete their education in school and passing all the tests, they are considered \u201cknowledgeable person.\u201d<\/p>\n

Today students do not need to have everything memorized in order to succeed in school. First, there is so much information and the volume continues to increase each year so it is impossible to memorize them all. Instead of relying on memory as the main source of information, students must know WHERE and HOW to find the information that they need. Second, finding the information is only the beginning; they must review, analyze, and come up with logical conclusions on how to apply them to solve problems. To do that, they need a different learning method called \u201cActive learning\u201d or \u201cLearning by doing\u201d where the emphasis is placed on the learning process, which help students develop self-learning and problem solving skills.<\/p>\n

Active learning focuses on the encouraging and motivating students to seek, find, read, organize, and process information by themselves instead of depend on teacher to tell them via lecturing. Students must be \u201cactively\u201d responsible for their own learning by studying materials BEFORE coming to class because classroom activities are focusing on discussion, debating, analyzing and actually solving problems. Teachers will help direct students to get to the right conclusions by coaching and encouraging as well as challenging them to reach their learning goals. By actually doing the work themselves, students learn the material better and develop a lifelong learning attitude. They will find the materials, organize them, experiment with them, and validate their answers with others. From their own learning, they can relate it to their own experiences as it becomes their skills.<\/p>\n

In this method, teachers will ask students to explain what they have learned in their own reading, have them draw conclusion to share with others. During class discussion, teachers can require students to consider what information is relevant and irrelevant, have them explain what they mean in a logical manner and learn to use reasoning to solve problems. In doing that, teachers would encourage students to explore several ways of collecting information that are available to them. There are many sources of information that students can use today to enhance their understanding of different ideas and concepts. Students should be made aware of the various sources that they can use for learning and then be given tasks to find certain subjects to educate themselves.<\/p>\n

Of course, it is NOT easy to transition from the traditional \u201cPassive\u201d learning to \u201cActive\u201d learning as most students are familiar with the traditional way. For many years they are taught to listen to lectures and follow the direction so it is difficult to break the habit. Most students will resist the notion of reading and learning before coming to class or participate in class discussion. Many students have not developed the habit of self learning by discover and experiment things on themselves so it will be a challenge to teachers who want to adopt this new method. The question is: \u201cAs teachers, should we give up?\u201d I do not think so. I believe there are many teachers who are willing to help students to bridge the gap between theory and practice.\u00a0Good teaching is about NOT having a fixed agenda and being rigid, but being flexible, experimenting, and having the confidence to adjust to changing circumstances. Good teachers would change their teaching when there is better way to teach students because they want the best for their students. It may take time and more training in the new method but I believe that in this fast changing world, we need better training method to give our students the best tools, the best learning experience possible, so they can contribute to our society and make a difference in the world.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch lu\u1ef9 tri th\u1ee9c qua s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng. N\u00f3 … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-137","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-loi-khuyen-cho-sinh-vien"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/137","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=137"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/137\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":138,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/137\/revisions\/138"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=137"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=137"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=137"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}