{"id":1358,"date":"2013-07-02T12:13:26","date_gmt":"2013-07-02T05:13:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1358"},"modified":"2013-07-02T12:13:26","modified_gmt":"2013-07-02T05:13:26","slug":"lam-viec-to-trong-lap-ke-hoach-du-an-phan-mem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1358","title":{"rendered":"L\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 trong l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m"},"content":{"rendered":"

Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp c\u00e1c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u \u0111a d\u1ea1ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m; c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00edch c\u1ee1 v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n; tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5; theo d\u00f5i v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro v.v. V\u1ec1 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ra m\u1ecdi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a trong b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u1eddng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a ra trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1edbi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Sau tr\u00ean 30 n\u0103m qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u00f9ng tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1eeb s\u1edbm s\u1ebd cho t\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cam k\u1ebft t\u1eeb h\u1ecd.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean; n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sau khi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 \u0111i t\u1edbi bi\u1ebft l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i c\u00f9ng nhau. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 cho l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y. T\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1eb3n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed5 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00f4ng ti, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea3nh th\u01a1i trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft l\u1eabn nhau. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u1eafm tr\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 t\u1ed5, t\u1edbi th\u0103m c\u00f4ng ti kh\u00e1c, chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i t\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb hay b\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 n\u01a1i h\u1ecd ch\u01a1i tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i video c\u00f9ng nhau v\u00e0 thi \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng vui \u0111\u00f9a v.v. T\u1ed5 ch\u01a1i hay c\u00f9ng nhau s\u1ebd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t c\u00f9ng nhau.<\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. V\u1ec1 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cam k\u1ebft l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1ebd t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 t\u1ed5 c\u00f9ng \u0111i t\u1edbi vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n sau khi c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt l\u1eabn qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cho d\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd b\u1edfi c\u1ea3 t\u1ed5. Trong khi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, m\u1ecdi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch v.v. T\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb h\u1ecd h\u00ecnh dung ra th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec. Khi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 chia s\u1ebb c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi, h\u1ecd \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean tham gia v\u00e0o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c cho t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i b\u00e0y t\u1ecf m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, t\u1ed5 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ea3nh th\u01a1i v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng tham gia. H\u1ecd c\u00e0ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb v\u00e0 m\u1edf ra trao \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 v\u00e0, xem nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t khi t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, b\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb t\u1ed5 l\u00e0m ra danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 chia c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, t\u1ed5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111ang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n vi\u1ec7c Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. T\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n h\u1ecfi: \u201cB\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00f3 trong 30 gi\u1edd kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng?” B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch t\u1ed5 tham gia, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd” m\u00e0 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c t\u1ed5 n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 danh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean cho c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. Khi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c chia nh\u1ecf, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0o h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m. T\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f9a r\u1eb1ng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 “M\u1ed9t t\u00ean gi\u1ebft hai chim.”.<\/p>\n

Sau khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, t\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n, m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea7n l\u00e0 th\u00eam nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y v\u00e0o v\u00e0 kh\u1edbp ch\u00fang trong l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, theo d\u00f5i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u1edbi l\u1ec1 l\u1ed7i nh\u1ecf, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd ch\u1ea1y \u1ed5n tho\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Teamwork in Software project planning<\/p>\n

Software project management is the collection of techniques to manage the development of various types of software products. It includes the choice of software development life cycle; methods for estimate project size and schedule; knowledge and skills required for team members; tracking and managing risks etc. In theory, project manager makes all decisions and documents the choices in the project plan. However, in reality, planning a software project often requires the involvement of team members since they also have certain skills and experiences. There are many decisions to be taken during this planning period with different approaches to manage the project. After over 30 years of managing software project, I believe that by having team members participate in project planning early will give the team a sense of ownership and camaraderie and easy to obtain commitment from them.<\/p>\n

Teamwork does not always come naturally; it develops after team members get to know each other and become comfortable working together. Team members do not have to be best friends, but they do need to have an effective professional relationship in order for teamwork to thrive and it takes time to build this relationships. I often advise project manager to have a full day of team activities outside the company each month where members can relax in a non-work environment and get to know each other. The activities can be a team picnic, a visit to another company, a trip to a conference or a team party where they play video games together and compete for a fun prize etc. A team that plays well together will work well together.<\/p>\n

Effective software project management is critical in achieving a successful result. In theory, the project manager develops a vision for the project and make sure that the team is committed to work according to that vision. However, in reality it would be better to have the team to come up with the vision for the project after consider both technical and management issues. The goals for the project need to be agreed by the entire team. In deciding the goals, all factors must be considered, including resources, schedule, quality, budget etc. The project team should have the opportunity to debate these factors fully to come up with its own conclusions.<\/p>\n

I often advise the project manager to ask the team to visualize what project success would be like. As team members share their views and discuss what they want to achieve, they are developing the vision for the project. By allowing all members to participate, the project manager is not only having a vision for the project but also the commitment of the team to make the project successes, because it is what they want. By give each team member an opportunity to express their concerns, the team feels relax and willing to participate. The more comfortable they are, the more they will likely to share and open up communication between team members and, as a result, encourage teamwork.<\/p>\n

Once the team agrees with the vision and goals, the next step is asking the team to make a list of the work that needs to be done. By allowing team members to breakdown the requirements into smaller tasks, the team is actually developing the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) for the project. I often advise the project manager to ask: \u201cDo you think the task is small enough to do it in about 30 hours? If it is not can you break it into smaller task? By encourages the team to participate, team members feel that they contribute to the project and it is \u201ctheir project\u201d that they want to be successful. By the end of this team collaboration, the project manager not only have the projects list of all the works that must be done but also be able to have assigned team members to jobs. As they do the breakdown themselves, they also assume which tasks that they want to do. I often joke that the technique is called \u201cKill two birds with one arrow\u201d.<\/p>\n

After the project requirements are divided into smaller tasks, each task can be done by one person in one week, all the project manager need is to add these tasks and fit them into a schedule and ready to discuss with customer on execute the project. As long as project manager can manage customer\u2019s expectation, tracks the task implementation with a small margin of error, the project should run smoothly.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp c\u00e1c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u \u0111a d\u1ea1ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1358","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1358","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1358"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1358\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1359,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1358\/revisions\/1359"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1358"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1358"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1358"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}