{"id":1354,"date":"2013-07-02T12:10:55","date_gmt":"2013-07-02T05:10:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1354"},"modified":"2013-07-02T12:10:55","modified_gmt":"2013-07-02T05:10:55","slug":"viec-doc-va-bo-nao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1354","title":{"rendered":"Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"

Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e3o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i sau tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 \u1ea5u. Nh\u01b0ng trong 20 n\u0103m qua, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u ch\u1ec9 ra b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u00edch \u1ee9ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m m\u00ea say nh\u1ea5t v\u1eeba m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Carnegie Mellon University c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ebft trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Neuron, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e3o Marcel Just v\u00e0 Timothy Keller n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 sau s\u00e1u th\u00e0ng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trung, tr\u1ebb con \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc k\u00e9m \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ch\u1ea5t tr\u1eafng trong n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Cho d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u0103m h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ee9c k\u0129 n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c, k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ch\u1ea5t tr\u1eafng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 \u1edf b\u00ean tr\u00e1i n\u00e3o ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i trong nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc k\u00e9m, c\u00f3 tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trung kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o trong k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i m\u00f4 n\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ea5t tr\u1eafng trong c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i th\u1ea7n kinh ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i khu v\u1ef1c “t\u01b0 duy” n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o v\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e3o, v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Carnegie Mellon l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong v\u00e0i kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng n\u00e3o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 qua vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc. C\u00f3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf ch\u1ea5t tr\u1eafng n\u00e0y gi\u00fap cho n\u00e3o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. T\u1ed5 Just-Keller t\u1ea1i CMU \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra trong m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u s\u1edbm h\u01a1n r\u1eb1ng mi\u1ec1n ch\u1ea5t tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn c\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t tr\u1eafng trong tr\u1ebb em m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cho t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111o c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc d\u00f9ng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt qu\u00e9t n\u00e3o c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y \u1ea3nh c\u0103ng c\u01a1 khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n, n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong lu\u1ed3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf ch\u1ea5t tr\u1eafng.<\/p>\n

Ts. Just n\u00f3i \u00f4ng \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00eam \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. \u00d4ng \u1ea5y n\u00f3i: “\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i n\u00f3i h\u1ecd v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 gi\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p.” K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t tr\u1eafng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan nhi\u1ec1u t\u1edbi bao nhi\u00eau gi\u1edd ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ecdc h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ho\u00e0i nghi r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i Oxford \u0111em so s\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfm h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1edbp h\u1ecd, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khao kh\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng anh ta \u0111\u1ecdc trung b\u00ecnh hai cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n trong m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m qua. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc b\u00e2y gi\u1edd tin r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Oxford n\u00f3i: \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 gi\u1ecfi h\u01a1n, tinh nhanh h\u01a1n hay th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i tr\u00ean n\u00e3o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u, b\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u.\u201d<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Ts. Just v\u00e0 Ts. Keller c\u1ee7a CMU v\u1eabn \u0111ang c\u1ed1 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf ch\u1ea5t tr\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1m v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 “m\u1ea1ch th\u00f4ng minh”. Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean tinh nhanh h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Reading and the brain<\/p>\n

For many years scientists always think that the structure of the human brain did not change after infancy. But in the past 20 years, there has been an explosion of studies showing just how adaptable the human brain is, and one of the most intriguing was just published by Carnegie Mellon University scientists.<\/p>\n

Writing in the journal Neuron, brain researchers Marcel Just and Timothy Keller said that after just six months of intensive reading instruction, children who had been poor readers were not only able to improve their skills, but grew new white-matter connections in their brains. Even though these third- and fifth-graders did not achieve the same skill level as another group of excellent readers, their white-matter connections in one particular pathway on the left side of their brains became just as strong as those in the top reading group. Meanwhile, poor readers who attended regular classes without intensive reading instruction showed no change in the connecting brain tissue.<\/p>\n

White matter in the nerve fibers is responsible to connect one “thinking” area of the brain with another. It makes up half the brain’s volume, and the Carnegie Mellon study is one of the few that have shown that the brain can actually change its connections through learning and especially reading. There is a growing research on how important these white-matter pathways are helping the brain perform complex tasks. The Just-Keller team at CMU had already shown in an earlier study that the white-matter tracts are disorganized in adults with autism. Now they have shown that the white matter in children with reading disabilities can be reorganized for the better. To measure the changes, the scientists used a brain-scanning technique called diffusion tensor imaging, which detects the changes in water flow along the white-matter pathways.<\/p>\n

Dr. Just said he was not particularly surprised that the children who got additional training did not perform as skilled as the best readers in their classes. He said: “It is like taking people with a physical disability, giving them some training but then saying they are still not as good as professional athletes.” The conclusion was the white-matter improvements had more to do with how many hours they read than how good they were. There is no doubt that people are able to improve in their brains with more reading. There was another study at Oxford that compare the success of college students with the amount of materials that they read and found that a majority of top performers in college, the ones that always stay at the top of their classes are also avid readers. One of the best student admitted that he read on the average two books a week for the past ten years. Scientists now believe that learning, especially reading can actually change the physical contours of the brain and improve the performance. An Oxford scientist said: \u201cWe have not be able to prove that people who read more are better, smarter or more success but we can prove that reading can increase the connection tissues on the brain and there are many evidence that these connection has something to do with learning so we can safely saying that the more you read, the more you learn.\u201d<\/p>\n

One thing that Dr. Just and Dr. Keller of CMU are still trying to unravel is the white-matter pathway that improved in the readers may correspond to the gray-matter areas that are known as the “intelligent circuit.” Is it possible that the more you read, the smarter you will become?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e3o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i sau tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 \u1ea5u. Nh\u01b0ng … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[31],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1354","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cac-van-de-khac"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1354","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1354"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1354\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1355,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1354\/revisions\/1355"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1354"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1354"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1354"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}