{"id":1348,"date":"2013-07-02T12:07:13","date_gmt":"2013-07-02T05:07:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1348"},"modified":"2013-07-02T12:07:13","modified_gmt":"2013-07-02T05:07:13","slug":"cong-viec-du-an-som","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1348","title":{"rendered":"C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1edbm"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y nay s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n cao. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m li\u00ean t\u1ee5c x\u00f4 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 t\u1ea1i sao d\u1ef1 \u00e1n qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Theo m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00edch h\u1ee3p hay kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. L\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n; n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea5y d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh trong \u0111\u00fang kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian. B\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh cung c\u1ea5p h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng. N\u00f3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c doanh nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, r\u1ee7i ro, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c theo \u0111\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i do y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u1eadp k\u00e9m. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t g\u00e2y ra thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ea1m vi, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a k\u0129 s\u01b0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch doanh nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0ng \u00edt c\u00f4ng ti c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u00edt tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti mong \u0111\u1ee3i r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m l\u1edbn. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi k\u0129 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u00edch h\u1ee3p d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u00e9m hay y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n s\u1ebd d\u1eabn t\u1edbi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n k\u00e9m. V\u00ec k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00fang.<\/p>\n<p>K\u0129 s\u01b0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. K\u0129 s\u01b0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, hi\u1ec3u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u00fang trong b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc pha l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. K\u0129 s\u01b0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u ph\u1ea1m vi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 s\u1ebd tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n cho ph\u1ea1m vi. C\u00f3 v\u00e0i ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3<\/li>\n<li>M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n (ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh doanh nghi\u1ec7p)<\/li>\n<li>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, ph\u1ea1m vi v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n<\/li>\n<li>Danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c v\u1eadt chuy\u1ec3n giao ch\u00ednh m\u00e0, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n<\/li>\n<li>Ng\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n giao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u01a1i t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c chia c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n vi\u1ec7c &#8211; Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac logic c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n cho m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt chuy\u1ec3n giao d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n<p>B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;-English version&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Early Project work<\/p>\n<p>Even today the numbers of software projects failure are still high. Somehow software managers continue to rush into projects without even thinking why past projects failed. According to an industry research, a majority of project managers do not receive adequate trainings or know how to plan a project. Many project managers confused a project plan with a project schedule. A schedule is only a small part of a project plan; it usually takes the form of tasks complete within a timeline. The project plan is a roadmap providing guidance on the priority of activities, the scope of work, the life cycle, the method and tools to be used. It identifies customers, users, business strategy, quality, risks, and how project costs and people will be managed.<\/p>\n<p>Most projects fail due to bad requirements. This is the number one issue that causes scope change, which leads to more time and budget necessary to complete the project. That is why the job of requirements engineer or business analyst is important but few companies have these roles and few schools teaching this skills. Many companies expect that project manager should be responsible for project requirements and this is a big mistake.\u00a0 Requirements and customer relationships require a different skills and a lot of efforts and a busy project manager cannot adequately manage the project and the customers at the same time. This is also where some management textbooks failed to address. Bad requirements or poorly defined requirements will lead to a bad project plan. Since the project plan reflects the work, the resources, the budget, and time necessary to satisfy requirements, it is easy to see the importance of getting the right requirements and the project.<\/p>\n<p>A requirements engineer is trained to work with customers and ensure agreement from all customers before project planning. A requirements engineer work with customers to collect their needs, understand their problems and document them in a requirements specification. Customers must review the requirements documents and approve before the planning phase of the project. Requirements engineer work with project manager to translate these requirements into the project scope statement, as well as the major components that will satisfy the scope. There are several essential elements that need to be included in the project definition:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A description of the business problem and the solution to that problem<\/li>\n<li>A description of the benefits of the project (the business case)<\/li>\n<li>A definition of the project vision, goals, scope and budget<\/li>\n<li>A list of the major deliverables which, when delivered to customers will completely satisfy the requirements of the project)<\/li>\n<li>Project committed delivery dates<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The project definition is the first part of project planning where the project team will be involved to breakdown these requirements into smaller components. The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is the foundation of the project plan. It is a hierarchical logical structure that represents all the work necessary to produce all the project deliverables.<\/p>\n<p>By spending more efforts in the beginning, the project can avoid unnecessary requirements changes and project managers can organize the project to better chance of success.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y nay s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n cao. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m li\u00ean &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1348","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1348","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1348"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1348\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1349,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1348\/revisions\/1349"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1348"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1348"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1348"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}