{"id":1287,"date":"2013-07-01T21:47:49","date_gmt":"2013-07-01T14:47:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1287"},"modified":"2013-07-01T21:47:49","modified_gmt":"2013-07-01T14:47:49","slug":"xin-hoi-ve-cach-do","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1287","title":{"rendered":"Xin h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch \u0111o"},"content":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: T\u00f4i xin h\u1ecfi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sau, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a 1 s\u1ed1 \u0111o cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y, c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 \u0111o nh\u01b0 UCP, LOC, FP ch\u1ec9 \u0111o k\u00edch c\u1ee1 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m h\u01a1n l\u00e0 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Trong khi, \u1edf c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb 1 Qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ea5y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u hay giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tri\u1ec3n khai r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 t\u00ednh k\u00edch c\u1ee1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00e0 l\u00fac Monitor d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t mu\u1ed1n t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (k\u00edch c\u1ee1) ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh (d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ch\u1ee9 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7). Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch \u0111o n\u00e0o t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch c\u1ee1 to\u00e0n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ed1 \u0111o kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh cho t\u1eebng tu\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng?<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00e1p: R\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n “k\u00edch c\u1ee1 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9” c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tham gia v\u00e0o nh\u01b0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh (nh\u01b0, C hay Java), y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p (\u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n hay ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1edbi chu tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p), y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 mi\u1ec1n (d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Web, nh\u00fang, hay \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng doanh nghi\u1ec7p v.v.), y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 qui tr\u00ecnh hay v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi (th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed5, xo\u00e1y \u1ed1c, l\u00e0m b\u1ea3n m\u1eabu, gia t\u0103ng v.v), c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p (c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac hay h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng) v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng (n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i b\u1ed9) v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00edch c\u1ee1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

K\u0129 thu\u1eadt k\u00edch c\u1ee1 m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi CH\u1ec8 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. D\u00f2ng m\u00e3 (LOC) \u0111o s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c m\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfm trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00edch ch\u1ec9 cho n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u01b0ng LOC bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean cho c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng (FP) \u0111o ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. K\u00edch c\u1ee1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o qua ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p FP l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh hay c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u00fang hay ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean web (nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 d\u1eabn h\u01b0\u1edbng). \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OP) \u0111o k\u00edch c\u1ee1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ebfm s\u1ed1 m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh, b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u00e0 giao di\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t cho nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 (nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng) hay \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng khoa h\u1ecdc (nhi\u1ec1u x\u1eed l\u00ed)<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong m\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng KH\u00d4NG \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh t\u1edbi trong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed5, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 n\u1eefa. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 t\u00ednh “k\u00edch c\u1ee1 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3” c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m. H\u1ecd t\u00ednh to\u00e1n k\u00edch c\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n (LOC, FP, OP v.v) r\u1ed3i th\u00eam 25% (cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n) t\u1edbi 45% (cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi “k\u00edch c\u1ee1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9”. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 “t\u1ed5ng ph\u00ed” cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang k\u00edch c\u1ee1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00eam m\u1ecdi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u00e0o trong b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec7m cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n m\u00e0 t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. (L\u01b0u \u00fd: \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd hay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t hay c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.)<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n “ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9” b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m (c\u00e1c pha v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m). T\u00f4i \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m, c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m, v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m n\u00f3. C\u00f3 hai chi ph\u00ed ch\u00ednh: lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 v\u1eadt t\u01b0 (ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v.v.) nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 chi ph\u00ed then ch\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i chia to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed to\u00e0n b\u1ed9. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ti\u1ec1n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ed5, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf chi ti\u1ebft, ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n (vi\u1ebft m\u00e3), gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e3, ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e3, chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u00edch h\u1ee3p, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n (\u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ea1ng, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v.v.).<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi t\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u00f4i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t bao nhi\u00eau th\u1eddi gian. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 v\u00ec kh\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c. Sau khi \u0111i t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u00f4i th\u00eam qu\u00e3ng 20% t\u1edbi 30% ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec7m cho t\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e0nh cho d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng (\u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m r\u1ee7i ro).<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ti\u1ec1n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u hai cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. N\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi: ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u hai cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp; m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, m\u1ed7i cu\u1ed9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd. V\u1edbi ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 hai gi\u1edd, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh ra chi ph\u00ed b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e2n ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ea3 theo gi\u1edd v\u1edbi ba (\u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed c\u1ea3 ba \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng gi\u00e1 $10 \u0111\u00f4 la m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd. Chi ph\u00ed t\u1ed5ng cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0: $10X3X2 = $60. T\u00f4i th\u00eam v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec7m 30% cho n\u00f3 cho n\u00ean chi ph\u00ed to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 $60 + $18 = $78.<\/p>\n

C\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c cho n\u00ean b\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed lao \u0111\u1ed9ng cho t\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng; t\u00f4i \u0111i t\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng ch\u00ed ph\u00ed lao \u0111\u1ed9ng cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u chi ph\u00ed v\u1eadt t\u01b0 nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb hay c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5. Ch\u1eb1ng h\u1ea1n, t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. T\u00f4i ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p cho c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n chi ph\u00ed gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p l\u00ean theo s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p l\u00e0 $10 tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u00e2n $10X 100 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi ph\u00ed $1000. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec7m 30% t\u1ed5ng l\u00e0 $1300. C\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho chi ph\u00ed trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed cho t\u1eebng th\u1ee9, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed.<\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch theo tu\u1ea7n, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch so v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 d\u00f5i v\u1ebft ti\u1ec1n t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eau (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch so v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i). T\u00f4i bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng l\u01b0u ch\u00fang ch\u00fang tr\u00ean trang t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 Excel r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u201cd\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\u201d v\u1ec1 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i t\u1ed1t th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. T\u00f4i c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u “d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed”, t\u00f4i c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u00f4i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111o v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u1ee9c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh “k\u00edch c\u1ee1 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9” c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Asking on Measurement<\/p>\n

Question: T\u00f4i xin h\u1ecfi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sau, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a 1 s\u1ed1 \u0111o cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y, c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 \u0111o nh\u01b0 UCP, LOC, FP ch\u1ec9 \u0111o k\u00edch c\u1ee1 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m h\u01a1n l\u00e0 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Trong khi, \u1edf c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb 1 Qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ea5y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u hay giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tri\u1ec3n khai r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 t\u00ednh k\u00edch c\u1ee1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00e0 l\u00fac Monitor d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t mu\u1ed1n t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (k\u00edch c\u1ee1) ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh (d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ch\u1ee9 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7). Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch \u0111o n\u00e0o t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch c\u1ee1 to\u00e0n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ed1 \u0111o kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh cho t\u1eebng tu\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Answer: It is very difficult to calculate the \u201ctotal size\u201d of a software project because there are many factors involved such as programming language (i.e., C or Java), complexity factor (Simple or complex with loops and sophisticated calculation), domain factor (Web-based, embedded, or business application etc.), process factor or life cycle (Waterfall, Spiral, Prototyping, Incremental etc.), methods (Structure or object oriented) and customer (Internal or external) and the degree of communication required. Basically, project size estimation is depending on the environment within which the project is being performed.<\/p>\n

The size techniques that you mentioned are ONLY use to estimate the software product, NOT the total project size. Lines of code (LOC) measures number of code that can be counted in the software. It is useful only to the technology platform on which the software is built but LOC varies for different programming language. Function points (FP) measures the business functionality. The size measured through FP method is independent of the programming language or technology and work well with business application but not on other applications such as embedded software or web-based software (More screen displays and navigations). Object Points (OP) measures the software size by counting the number of screens, reports, and interfaces but may not work well for business (More functionality) or scientific applications (more processing)<\/p>\n

There are supporting functions in every software project that often NOT being calculated in these methods such as project management activities, requirements engineering activities, communication activities, training activities, teamwork activities, customers meeting activities, reporting activities, documentation activities, project closure activities, review activities, quality assurance activities, configuration activities, system supporting activities, and many more. That is why it is very difficult to calculate the \u201cTotal size\u201d of a software project.<\/p>\n

There is a simple way that many project managers often do. They calculate the size of project development (LOC, FP, OP etc) then add 25% (For small and simple project) to 45% (For large and complex project) to come up with a \u201cTotal project size\u201d. These are the \u201cOverhead\u201d for supporting functions that must be included.<\/p>\n

To calculate a total project size correctly, you can add all factors into the project plan, as well as buffers for certain contingencies. Following is a simple way that I used to plan my project budget. (Note: This is not a scientific method taught in school but based on experience. Some people may agree or may not. Of course, we are not discussing the best way or the correct way here.)<\/p>\n

I often start to develop a \u201ctotal project budget\u201d by looking at the entire project as a whole. Not just software development activities (Software life cycle phases). I estimate the efforts of what must be done, how it is done, and the time to do it. There are two major costs: labor and materials (hardware, software, equipments etc.) but for most software projects, labor is the key cost factor.<\/p>\n

I break down the entire project into many detailed activities to estimate the total efforts and costs. For example: Pre-project planning, Requirements solicitation, Requirements analysis, Requirements reviews, Requirements documentation. Project planning, Team formation, Teamwork training, Project training, Requirements reviews, Teamwork assignments, System architecture, Architecture review, Detail design, Design review, Project implementation (Coding), Code inspections, Code reviews, Testing strategy, Test planning, Test review, Project testing, Integration testing, Customer acceptance testing and Project support activities (Quality assurance, Configuration management, network supports, hardware supports, documentation supports etc.).<\/p>\n

For each activity, I determine how many people will be involved and how long will it takes. Of course, it is only a rough estimate since it is difficult to calculate the exact number of efforts. After come up with an estimate, I add about 20% to 30% buffers for each activity just for contingencies. (To reduce risks)<\/p>\n

For example: Pre-project planning requires two meetings to understand the expectations of management and the need of customers. It often involves three people: The project manager, the System architect, and the Project administration to document details. It requires two meetings; one with senior manager and one with customer, each may take one hour. With three people and two hours, I can calculate the cost by multiply the hour rate by three (For simplicity assumes all three have the same rate of $10 dollars per hour. The total cost for this activity is: $10X3X2 = $60. I add 30% buffer to it so the total cost for this activity is $60 + $18 = $78.<\/p>\n

The same thing can be applied to other activities so by calculate the total labor cost for each; I can come up with the total labor cost for the entire project. Some projects may require material costs such as hardware, software, equipments or tools. For example, each developer needs to use software tools. I assign each person a license for the tool and multiply the licensing cost by the number of developers. If a license is $10 per user, and I have 100 developers, multiply $10X 100 to get the $1000 cost. By adding 30% buffers the total is $1300. The same thing can be use for equipment costs. By knowing how many equipment needed and the cost of each, I can calculate the total costs.<\/p>\n

By organize these efforts into a weekly schedule, I can monitor what I have planned and what really happen (Planned vs. actual) as well as tracking the money that I spent (Planned vs. Actual). I always save them on a spreadsheet such as Excel than by the end of the project, I have a \u201chistorical data\u201d about how well is my estimates. The more \u201chistorical data\u201d that I have, the more I can adjust my estimates for future projects. This is how I learned about estimate, measure and monitor software projects. Nothing is better than actual practice to gain experience.<\/p>\n

I am sure other people have their own way of calculate \u201cTotal size\u201d of software project based on their own experience.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: T\u00f4i xin h\u1ecfi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sau, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a 1 s\u1ed1 \u0111o cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y, c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 \u0111o … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1287","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an","category-hoi-va-dap"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1287","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1287"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1287\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1289,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1287\/revisions\/1289"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1287"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1287"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1287"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}