{"id":1260,"date":"2013-07-01T18:59:10","date_gmt":"2013-07-01T11:59:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1260"},"modified":"2013-07-01T18:59:27","modified_gmt":"2013-07-01T11:59:27","slug":"phuong-phap-hoc-tich-cuc-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1260","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u00edch c\u1ef1c"},"content":{"rendered":"

V\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, khi t\u00f4i d\u1ea1y K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecd t\u1edbi l\u1edbp. M\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 h\u1ecfi: \u201cH\u1ecd \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u00fang sau b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y ch\u1ee9 sao th\u1ea7y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i? Nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n v\u1edbi t\u00f4i l\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y. Sao th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u00f4i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng cho sinh vi\u00ean nh\u01b0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 l\u00e0m. T\u00f4i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng sinh vi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec3u ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong l\u1edbp. Sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u00ean th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u00eam. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ecdc, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 ghi nh\u1edb l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang v\u00e0o c\u00e1i g\u00ec. N\u1ebfu t\u00f4i ki\u1ec3m tra vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd vi\u1ebft ra \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft th\u00ec h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t. Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc trong l\u1edbp, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1edbi t\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 ghi nh\u1edb t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. V\u00ec t\u00f4i d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u01a1i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng, t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00ecm gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y trong l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.\u201d<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00ean l\u1edbp. Thay v\u00ec \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng, t\u00f4i d\u00f9ng l\u1edbp cho th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. T\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ng\u1eafn m\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ch\u00fang theo c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft ai \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ai kh\u00f4ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecd th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong l\u1edbp. T\u00f4i khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1edbi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. Trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i \u0111i quanh l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u1ecd gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i, t\u00f4i cho b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0ng sinh vi\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. T\u1eeb khi t\u00f4i d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd sau l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc n\u01a1i h\u1ecd \u00f4n l\u1ea1i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, sinh vi\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc t\u00edch c\u1ef1c n\u01a1i t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u00edt nh\u1ea5t ba l\u1ea7n: tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbp, trong l\u1edbp, v\u00e0 sau l\u1edbp, h\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng m\u1ec1m v\u1ec1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, ban \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn sinh vi\u00ean gh\u00e9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u1ec3n sang l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c n\u01a1i gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u1eabn d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00edch n\u00f3 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u mu\u1ed1n d\u1ef1 l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u00ec th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y. Khi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 leo l\u00ean ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u nhanh h\u01a1n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u lan truy\u1ec1n r\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n; l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea7y ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0y nay nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ang d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p “h\u1ecdc t\u00edch c\u1ef1c” n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u0129 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111o sinh vi\u00ean theo kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ghi nh\u1edb c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecf qua vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1edbi b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t hay, nh\u01b0ng sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch nghe th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng. Khi \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd ghi nh\u1edb kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap cho h\u1ecd t\u00ecm ra gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p. Ng\u00e0y nay nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0ng khi h\u1ecd \u0111i l\u00e0m, \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t hay v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng may, ng\u00e0y nay vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, l\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang ta mong \u0111\u1ee3i sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta h\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ea1nh tranh cao n\u00e0y? N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u00fang ta tr\u00e1ch ai?<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, sinh vi\u00ean ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin, tri th\u1ee9c thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft t\u1eeb ghi nh\u1edb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng n\u1eefa. \u0110\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh, sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hay c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

Khi t\u00f4i c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ghi nh\u1edb. T\u00f4i vi\u1ebft ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft v\u00e0o s\u1ed5 tay. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac thi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m trang t\u00f4i ghi nh\u1edb v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m b\u00e0i thi t\u1ed1t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi t\u00f4i v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf M\u0129, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00ec m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u trong ti\u1ebfng Anh. Kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 m\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 trong ti\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ch\u00fang tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp t\u00f4i. T\u00f4i m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c k\u00ec thi v\u00e0 t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i th\u00fa nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n nhi\u1ec1u trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u00e0y nay khi nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i, t\u00f4i v\u1eabn s\u1ee3 v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u00e1c m\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng k\u00ec thi n\u00e0y v\u00ec t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u. \u0110i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 khi t\u00f4i \u0111i l\u00e0m v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn. Ch\u1ec9 th\u1ebf th\u00ec t\u00f4i m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ghi nh\u1edb l\u00e0 v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n. T\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 v\u00e0 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eebng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

Sau 40 n\u0103m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 30 n\u0103m gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean: \u201cC\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc ch\u00fang v\u1ec1 sau trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ee9c \u00e9p c\u1ef1c cao t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.\u201d<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—–<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Active Learning method<\/p>\n

Several years ago, when I taught Software Engineering in Asia, some professors were surprised that I required students to read lecture materials before they came to class. A professor asked: \u201cThey should only read them after your lecture why you ask them to do the opposite? Many students complained to me that they have to learn what they have not been taught. Why do you teach this way?\u201d<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

I explained: \u201cI used to lecture to students like most professors do. I found that students only understood some part of it during class. After that they had to go to the library and read the material more. Even they spent many hours reading, most would only memorize the theories but could not apply them to anything. If I tested their learning by asking them to write what they knew then most did well. However if I asked them to solve problems by applied what they learned in class, most failed. It seemed to me that students were only memorizing the material but not understood it. The evidence was they could not apply it to solve problem. Since I taught software engineering where solving problems was important, I began to look for a better solution and learned about the active learning method. Since then I always apply this method in my class.\u201d<\/p>\n

I require students to read the materials to learn about the overall concept before going to class. Instead of just lecturing, I use the class for discussion. I begin by asking short conceptual questions where students must answer them individually. By doing this, I know who have learned the materials and who did not. After that, I ask them to discuss with each other by explain their understanding in class. I encourage other to question them so they have to defend their position. If they do not understand the material well, they cannot defend their view. It forces everybody to really learn and understand the materials well. During that time, I walk around the classroom guiding student discussions and challenging them to solve small problems relating to the course.<\/p>\n

In the end, I give a brief lecture to summarize everything but students are the ones who actually learning and solving problems. Since I used this method, many students often continue their discussions after class in the library where they review the materials to defend their understanding as well as their solutions. Actually, students become actively learners where I am only the guide on their learning. By having they learn the materials at least three times: before class, during class, and after class, they understand the materials better and develop their skills in solving problem as well as the soft-skill of presentation, discussion, teamwork, and be able to defend their views.<\/p>\n

Of course, in the beginning, most students hated it. Many switched to other class where professors were using the traditional method of lecturing. Eventually, some students began to like it and many top students wanted to take my classes because of the challenge. When many of them got better job offers, some climbed to the top positions faster, the news began to spread that this method was a better way of learning; my classes began to fill up quickly. Today many schools are using this \u201cactive learning\u201d method, there are evidences that this method of interacting is much better. Students not only perform better on a variety of tests, but also improve their problem solving skills in the industry.<\/p>\n

Most of us have learned from the traditional way of lecturing that have been taught for thousand years. We learned how to plan our lecture well but we did not know about students\u2019 learning. The traditional method only measures students by their ability to memorize things but ignoring the understanding and the ability to apply it. That is why I think it is a problem. Of course, the problem is not with the lectures. Most professor lecture very well, but students do not learn well from passive listening. When face with problem that need to be solved, what they memorized do not help them to find a solution. Today many top students are the one with good memories but when they go to work, few of them would do well or rise to the top. The industry does not need people who can explain theories but people who can solve problem and make thing works.<\/p>\n

Unfortunately, today this traditional lecturing continues in many places. If we do not change our teaching method, how do we expect our students to learn new way and be productive in this highly competitive world? If we do not believe in the active learning method, we can test your students’ understanding by asking them to apply what they have been taught in a real situation. If they fail, who do we blame?<\/p>\n

Of course, students are responsible for how they learn. But professors do influence what and how they learn by apply better training method. In the information age, the pure knowledge from memorization does not work anymore. To survive and be able to compete, students must develop their skills by apply what they have learned to solve real problems. They cannot memorize equations or formulas but must truly understand them well.<\/p>\n

When I was young, I learned many things by memorizing. I wrote down things that I need to know on notebooks. By the time of the baccalaureate exam, I had hundreds of pages that I memorized and did well on the exam. However, when I went to school in the U.S, I had a lot of problems because everything was in English. It was not easy to memorize things in a foreign language and there were so many materials that overwhelmed me. It took me a lot of efforts to pass exams and I had to admit that I struggled a lot during that time. Today when looked back, I am still scared and even have nightmares about these exams since I did not really learn much. What I have learned was when I went to work and found myself with problem that I must solved within a short time. Only then I knew that memorization was useless but understanding was more important. I have to re-learn everything and went back to all the textbooks and began to read each chapter carefully to understand the materials.<\/p>\n

After 40 years working in the industry and 30 years teaching in university, I often tell students: \u201cYou can either learn many things in college now or you have to learn them later in your job, under extreme pressure from your manager and your team members. It is your choice.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, khi t\u00f4i d\u1ea1y K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[29,18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1260","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-loi-khuyen-cho-giao-vien","category-loi-khuyen-cho-sinh-vien"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1260","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1260"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1260\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1262,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1260\/revisions\/1262"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1260"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1260"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1260"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}