{"id":1122,"date":"2013-07-01T15:17:34","date_gmt":"2013-07-01T08:17:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1122"},"modified":"2013-07-01T15:17:34","modified_gmt":"2013-07-01T08:17:34","slug":"kiem-diem-ngang-quyen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1122","title":{"rendered":"Ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ngang quy\u1ec1n"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m l\u1ed7i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c trong t\u1ed5 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u h\u1ecd c\u00f3 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft hay kh\u00f4ng. L\u00ed do l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh “thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n” v\u00ec n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0m ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i theo c\u00f9ng logic m\u00e0 h\u1ecd quen l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y v\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra l\u1ed7i n\u00e0o h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh quan kh\u00e1c. Trong \u201cki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ngang quy\u1ec1n,\u201d th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a nhau v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i cho t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. Ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ngang quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c hay ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, tu\u1ef3 theo ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong \u201cki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c\u201d t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kia c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ra sao v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o. \u201cKi\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c\u201d ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m cho n\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean l\u1edbn. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng. Khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i cho t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft hay l\u1ed7i m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda.<\/p>\n

Trong \u201cL\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i\u201d (ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn d\u00f9ng trong L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1ef1c \u0111oan) hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u1edf c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn, sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed5i b\u00ean.\u00a0 \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5, v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nhau. Trong l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i, m\u1ecdi d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau, \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao h\u01a1n. L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea5t k\u00ec s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00e0o, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 m\u00e3. T\u1eeb c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn \u201cl\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1ef1c \u0111oan,\u201d l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5, v\u00e0 cam k\u1ebft chung v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n

Trong \u201cgi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m\u201d hay \u201cki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c\u201d t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng cho ri\u00eang t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia. Qui tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 v\u00e0i pha: l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb, ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m, l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c, v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i. Trong ki\u1ec3u ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o trong qui tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 kh\u00e1c nhau. Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng tu\u00e2n theo danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00e1c qui t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft. T\u1ed5 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m; t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m; \u00edt nh\u1ea5t hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m; v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ghi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khi h\u1ecd l\u00f4i ra. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y hay m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m xem x\u00e9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u00ecm v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Trong cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t xem qua t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00eau ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t gi\u00fap t\u1ed5 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u1eafng nghe c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng tranh c\u00e3i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ghi l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra trong cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 xem qua danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd s\u1eeda c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n. Trong khi l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 s\u1eeda c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 (khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft, l\u1ed7i v.v.) \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi danh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra.<\/p>\n

Ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c (gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m) l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 t\u00ecm khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00f3 cho \u0111\u00fang. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho m\u1ecdi ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m, c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c trong khi l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Peer Review<\/p>\n

To improve quality and to reduce defects, developers often ask other team members to review their work to determine whether they have defects or not. The reason is to avoid \u201cpersonal bias\u201d because if developers are doing their own review, they may follow the same logic that they used to do the work and will not be able to detect any error that they made. Another person could do better in finding defects because he has different perspective. In \u201cPeer Review\u201d, team members examine each other\u2019s work and provide feedback to the authors. Peer Review can be informal or formal, depending on the purpose of the review.<\/p>\n

In an \u201cInformal Review\u201d the author asks one team member to examine his work. He does not know how the other team member conducts the review and how comprehensively the review is done. The \u201cInformal Review\u201d is depending on the knowledge and skill of the reviewer so the result varies greatly. Some do a good job but other may not. When finish, the reviewer can tell the author the number of defects or bugs that he must fix.<\/p>\n

In \u201cPair programming\u201d (Mostly use in Extreme Programming) two developers work on the same product simultaneously at the same place. One do the work, the other observes and provide comments, after a while they switch side.\u00a0 The idea is two persons is better than one and it helps better discussion between team members, and provide opportunity for continuous review of each person\u2019s ideas. In Pair programming, every line of code is written by two people working together which leads to higher quality products. Pair programming can be used to create any software product, not just code. From the \u201cExtreme programming\u201d view, pair programming promotes collaboration, teamwork, and a shared commitment to the quality of the product.<\/p>\n

In \u201cSoftware Inspection\u201d or \u201cFormal Review\u201d the project team follows a well-defined process with specific roles assigned to individual participants. The inspection process has several phases: Planning, Preparation, Review, Rework, and Follow-up. In this type of review, team members should be trained in the inspection process and be able to perform different roles. Software Inspection always follows a checklists of common defects found in different types of software products, rules for conduct review, and various analytical techniques to search for defects. The review team often consists of a Moderator who manage the review; the Author whose work is being reviewed; at least two Reviewers who conduct the review; and a Recorder who document the issues as they are brought up. Reviewers receive the work at least few days or a week before the review date so they can prepare for the review. Reviewers examine the work in advance to understand it and to find problems. During the meeting, the Moderator goes over the material with reviewers, who raise issues and point out possible defects. The Moderator helps the review team reach the same interpretation of each work. The author listens carefully to the issues raised but do not argue with the comments. The recorder document all issues raised during the meeting. At the end of the review, the reviewers leave the meeting. The Moderator and the Author go over the issue lists and discuss the review and agree to fix the problems identified. During rework, the author fixes the problems (Defects, bugs etc.) Software Quality Assurance reviews the rework and compare with the list to make sure that all problems have been fixed before allow it to be released.<\/p>\n

Formal review (Software Inspections) is more effective at finding defects than informal review but it requires more time and trainings to do it correctly. The project manager must plan all reviews, both informal and formal during the planning of the project.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m l\u1ed7i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c trong t\u1ed5 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1122","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1122","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1122"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1122\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1123,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1122\/revisions\/1123"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1122"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1122"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1122"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}